Most sore throats are caused by viruses. Strep throat, also called strep pharyngitis, is a bacterial infection of the throat due to Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). It can affect anyone but is most frequently seen in school-aged children. Very young children under two and adults who have little contact with children are less prone to catch it. Treatment requires antibiotics, and without them, serious complications may arise.
Symptoms of strep throat
Common signs include:
- Sudden onset of a red, painful throat
- Discomfort when swallowing
- Swollen, red tonsils, sometimes with white patches or pus
- Tiny red spots on the roof of the mouth
- Tender lymph nodes in the neck
- Headache and muscle aches
- Fever and chills
- Skin rash
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea or vomiting, especially in young children
Is it contagious?
Strep throat spreads easily through respiratory droplets, talking, coughing, sneezing, or by touching contaminated surfaces then touching your face. You can be infectious a few days before symptoms appear and, without treatment, remain contagious for 2–3 weeks. After starting antibiotics, you’re generally non-contagious within 24 hours.
Who is at risk?
Though anyone can contract strep throat, it’s most common in children aged 5–15. Risk increases with:
- Being a child or teen
- Frequent close contact with other children (e.g. school)
- Winter and early spring seasons
Strep throat vs. tonsillitis
Both involve throat inflammation, but they are distinct infections. Group A streptococcus can cause either strep pharyngitis (throat) or tonsillitis (tonsils). It’s possible to have both conditions simultaneously.
How is strep throat diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will examine your throat and may perform a throat swab to distinguish between viral and bacterial causes.
How to treat strep throat?
Antibiotics are essential, complete the full course even if you feel better. Improvement usually begins 1–3 days after starting treatment. Additional relief measures include:
- Regular OTC pain relievers (paracetamol or ibuprofen; avoid aspirin in children under 12)
- Staying well-hydrated with water, clear soups, or herbal teas
- Eating soft, nutritious foods if swallowing is painful
- Gargling warm salt water or using throat lozenges
- Applying warm compresses to the neck
- Avoiding smoking and second-hand smoke
- Getting plenty of rest and resting your voice
Ask your pharmacist which products are best suited for you.
Complications of untreated strep throat
Without treatment, strep throat can lead to:
- Spread of infection to tonsils, sinuses, skin, blood, or middle ear
- Scarlet fever
- Kidney inflammation
- Rheumatic fever and possible heart damage
- Post-streptococcal reactive arthritis
Preventing strep throat
Reduce transmission by practicing good hygiene:
- Stay home when sick and limit contact with others
- Use tissues for coughs/sneezes and dispose of them promptly
- Wash hands thoroughly and often, especially before eating or handling utensils, after coughing or sneezing, or after caring for someone who is ill
- Avoid sharing dishes, utensils, or personal items
- Refrain from preparing food for others when unwell
When to see a doctor?
Seek medical advice if you have any strep throat symptoms. Proper diagnosis ensures effective treatment and lowers the risk of complications.