What is Measles?
Measles is an extremely contagious viral infection that most notably causes a red, spotty rash, but it also brings along a variety of other symptoms. In some cases, measles can lead to severe complications, potentially resulting in long-term disability or even death. Thankfully, due to high immunisation rates in Australia, measles cases are now uncommon. The measles vaccine has been part of the National Immunisation Program (NIP) since 1971.1 Nevertheless, outbreaks can still occur, particularly when people infected overseas enter the country. It’s estimated that if someone without prior immunity is exposed to the measles virus, there’s a 90% chance they will become infected.2 The combined MMR vaccine can protect you against measles, mumps and rubella. Learn more about mumps here and rubella here.
How do you get measles?
Measles spreads very easily via tiny virus-laden droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These particles can linger in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours.3
When are you infectious?
Symptoms generally start around ten days after exposure, with the rash appearing roughly fourteen days post-exposure. However, you can spread measles before you notice any signs, and remain contagious until about four days after the rash shows up.4
What are the symptoms of measles?
The signature sign is a blotchy red rash that typically emerges between the third and seventh days of illness.5 It usually begins behind the ears, then moves to the face and neck before covering the rest of the body. Although the rash isn’t often itchy, it appears as slightly raised red patches. Before the rash appears, you may experience:6
- High fever
- Runny nose
- Dry cough
- Red, sore eyes (conjunctivitis)
- Extreme tiredness
- General malaise
- Tiny white spots inside the mouth (Koplik’s spots)
How is measles diagnosed?
If you suspect measles, see your doctor promptly because it can be serious. Measles is a notifiable disease, so your doctor must inform local health authorities to help contain any outbreaks. Diagnosis may involve:
- Reviewing your medical and immunisation history
- Checking recent travel to areas with measles activity
- A physical examination
- Blood tests
How do you treat measles?
There is no direct cure for measles; treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Most people recover at home with rest and supportive care. At-home measures include:7
- Plenty of bed rest
- Staying well-hydrated
- Taking paracetamol to lower fever
- Isolating yourself to protect others
Hospital care may be required if complications arise or symptoms become severe.
What are the complications of measles?
About 10% of those infected will develop complications, some of which can be very serious.8 These can include:
- Ear infections
- Respiratory problems such as bronchitis, croup or laryngitis
- Pneumonia (responsible for around 60% of measles-related deaths)
- Diarrhoea and vomiting
- Encephalitis (brain inflammation), which can cause permanent damage or be fatal
- Premature labour or miscarriage in pregnant women
Those at greater risk of complications include:9
- Pregnant women
- People with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses
- Young children (especially under 12 months, who aren’t yet fully vaccinated)
- Anyone born before 1966 who never had measles or didn’t receive two vaccine doses
When should you see your doctor?
If you suspect measles, consult your doctor to confirm the diagnosis. Seek medical advice if you or your child develop any of the following:10,11
- Difficulty breathing
- Very high fever
- Stiff neck
- Extreme drowsiness
- Ear pain
- Persistent diarrhoea or vomiting
- Trouble keeping fluids down
Immediate medical attention is needed if you or your child:12
- Shows sudden changes in behaviour or confusion
- Experiences seizures or paralysis
- Has any signs of severe illness
Be sure to inform clinic staff that you may have measles so they can take precautions to protect others.
Can you prevent measles?
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. In Australia, two doses of measles vaccine are given at 12 and 18 months of age as part of the NIP. These are often combined in the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) or MMRV (plus varicella) vaccines. If you haven’t received two doses, a catch-up vaccination is recommended to ensure full protection. Your Pharmacist can check your immunisation record in the Australian Immunisation Register and, if needed, administer any outstanding doses. Some individuals should not receive the vaccine, always discuss suitability with your doctor or a vaccinating Pharmacist. To reduce the risk of spreading measles, remember to:
- Avoid close contact with others while infectious
- Wash your hands frequently
- Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing