What is depression?
Depression is a widespread mental illness that goes beyond a simple “low mood,” impacting both someone’s physical and mental health for weeks, months, or even years1. People experience depression in varied ways, often enduring persistent sadness, loss of interest, hopelessness, guilt, and/or worthlessness2. Contrary to common belief, it affects many: an estimated 45% of Australians will face a mental health issue in their lifetime1, and about one in sixteen will experience depression each year3. Feeling down occasionally is a normal emotional reaction, but if intense sadness or withdrawal lasts longer than two weeks, you may be in a depressive episode and could benefit from professional advice and support. Learning about depression can help you spot risk factors, recognize signs and symptoms, and know when and how to seek help.
Types of depression
There are several depressive disorders under the umbrella of major depression, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Major Depression, also called a major depressive disorder, involves a clear decline in normal functioning, resulting in a lasting low mood or loss of interest or pleasure1. It’s marked by persistent negative thoughts and low spirits over at least a two-week span. Depression can disrupt everyday life, affecting sleep, appetite, concentration, and may harm education, work, health, and relationships4. The severity of a depressive episode, mild, moderate, or severe, is assessed by a mental health professional (psychologist or psychiatrist).
What is the difference between depression and anxiety?
Though both affect mood, depression and anxiety are distinct. Depression refers to a single disorder with varied symptoms, while anxiety disorders cover several specific conditions, such as generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, separation anxiety, panic attacks, and specific phobias5. The symptoms may overlap but often present differently between the two.
Signs and symptoms of depression?
Depression impacts mental and physical well-being in unique ways. If you suspect that you or someone you know is showing any signs and symptoms of depression, it’s vital to reach out to a health professional straight away. Symptoms may include4:
Emotional symptoms
- Persistent sadness, emptiness, or feeling “down” most of the day, nearly every day
- Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities
- Feelings of guilt, hopelessness, worthlessness, disappointment, or irritability
- Social withdrawal from friends or family
- Difficulty completing tasks at work or school
- Tearfulness
- Suicidal thoughts
Physical symptoms
- Significant weight loss or gain
- Loss or change of appetite
- Insomnia or difficult sleeping
- Lethargy or exhaustion
- Being fidgety or unable to sit still
- Issues with concentration, memory and decision making
- Decreased sex drive
If you are experiencing suicidal thoughts, call Lifeline Australia on 13 11 14 who will listen and can support you.
What factors contribute to depression?
Depression affects each person differently, but it often arises from a mix of social, environmental or psychological influences3. Common contributors include:
- Genetic predisposition (family history)
- Brain chemistry imbalances
- Stressful life events (for example, losing your job)
- Relationship difficulties (such as ongoing conflict)
- Chronic pressures (e.g. workplace bullying)
- Pregnancy or the post-natal period
Who can help?
A general practitioner or a qualified mental health professional (psychologist or psychiatrist) is best placed to determine if you’re experiencing depression. Because everyone’s journey is unique, seeking professional advice ensures you explore the most effective treatment options for you, often a combination of medication and talk therapy.
Psychological treatments
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Collaborate with a therapist to spot unhelpful thought or behaviour patterns, then replace them with more positive strategies.
- Interpersonal Therapy: Targets relationship issues and teaches skills to manage recurring conflicts.
- Behaviour Therapy: Emphasises changing actions directly, without focusing on underlying beliefs.
- Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: In group settings, you learn mindfulness meditation to anchor your attention in the present and foster positive thoughts.
Self-help and alternatives
- Online therapy (eTherapy): Remote counselling suited to those with mild depression.
- Exercise: Activities like yoga, running, cycling or swimming boost brain endorphins, which have mood-lifting properties6.
Medication
Antidepressants: Prescribed for moderate to severe depression when other approaches aren’t enough. Finding the right type and dose can take time, so regular check-ins with your GP and a pharmacist (e.g. at TerryWhite Chemmart) are essential to manage side effects and track progress.
Where to get support
If you or someone you know is struggling, please seek help immediately from a healthcare professional. Ask your GP about a mental health care plan and referral to a psychologist. You can also contact these Australian services for support:
- Beyond Blue: beyondblue.org.au
- Black Dog Institute: blackdoginstitute.org.au
- Headspace: headspace.org.au
- Lifeline: lifeline.org.au
- Kids Helpline: kidshelpline.com.au
- ReachOut Australia: au.reachout.com
- SANE Australia: sane.org.au
- Open Minds: openminds.org.au