Contraception

What Is Contraception?

Contraception (also known as birth control or family planning) is a method used to prevent unintended pregnancies. There are a variety of methods available, each with different levels of effectiveness.

Types of Contraception and Their Effectiveness

No contraceptive method is 100% effective, though some are more reliable than others. To ensure your chosen method works as efficiently as possible, it’s important to use it correctly. When selecting a contraceptive method, consider the following:

• Effectiveness of each option
• Your risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
• Cost
• Ease of use
• Your overall health
• Possible side effects
• Whether you will need to visit a healthcare provider
• Other relevant factors

Is Emergency Contraception Right for You?

Emergency contraception (commonly referred to as the “morning-after pill”) is most effective when taken as soon as possible, ideally within 24 hours. However, depending on the type, it can be effective for up to 72 hours after the event. Emergency contraception may be used in cases such as:

• No contraception was used
• A missed birth control pill
• Unprotected sex
• A condom breaking
• In cases of sexual assault

Emergency hormonal contraceptives are now available for purchase online.

Contraception Types

Oral Contraceptives

• Combined oral contraceptive pill (COC): This pill contains both estrogen and progestogen and works by preventing ovulation. When taken correctly, it’s 99.7% effective.
• Progestogen-only pill (mini-pill): Unlike the COC, the mini-pill does not prevent ovulation but is 99.7% effective when used properly.

Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC)

LARC methods are often called “set and forget” because they require less frequent attention. Types include:

• Hormonal injections (e.g. Depo Provera) given every 12 weeks
• Hormonal implants (e.g. Implanon®), inserted under the skin for up to three years
• Intrauterine devices (IUDs), such as:

1. Hormonal IUDs (Mirena® or Kyleena®), lasting five years 2. Copper IUDs, effective for 5–10 years

LARC methods are over 99% effective and can be reversed once removed.

Vaginal Ring

The NuvaRing®, a combined hormonal ring, is inserted into the vagina for up to three weeks. When used correctly, it has a 99.7% effectiveness rate.

Barrier Methods

These methods prevent sperm from reaching the egg. They include:

• External condoms, worn over the penis (98% effective)
• Internal condoms, worn inside the vagina (79% effective)
• Diaphragm, a soft silicone cap inside the vagina (82% effective)

Note that barrier methods are often used incorrectly, reducing their effectiveness to 18–20% in real-world use.

Permanent Contraception

• Tubal ligation for women, over 99.5% effective.
• Vasectomy for men, also 99.5% effective.

These methods are permanent and should be considered only when you’re sure you don’t want future pregnancies.

Choosing the Right Contraception

When selecting a method, think about:

• How easy it is to use
• Effectiveness
• Accessibility and cost
• Potential side effects
• Whether the method is reversible
• Protection against STIs

Some forms of contraception may not be suitable for people with certain medical conditions, such as blood clots, heart issues, or migraines.

Where to Obtain Contraception

Contraceptives like LARCs, vaginal rings, and the pill require a prescription, which means you’ll need to consult with your doctor. Emergency contraception is available from both doctors and pharmacists without a prescription. You can also purchase condoms and diaphragms over the counter at pharmacies like TerryWhite Chemmart, although it’s recommended to see a healthcare professional for proper fitting of diaphragms.

Complications and Considerations

Contraception and STIs

Only condoms protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). You can use condoms alongside other forms of contraception.

Contraception and Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding can delay the return of your period, providing natural contraception under certain conditions:

• You have not had a period
• Your baby is under six months old
• You are exclusively breastfeeding

Contraception and Menopause

Although fertility declines with age, pregnancy can still occur until ovulation stops. Women between 45 and 49 years old have a 2–3% chance of pregnancy per year, and the likelihood is less than 1% after 50. If you’re under 50 and haven’t reached menopause, continue contraception for at least two years after your last period. For women over 50, use contraception for at least one year following menopause.

Potential Side Effects

Hormonal contraception can cause:

• Irregular bleeding
• Mood changes
• Headaches
• Skin issues
• Sore breasts
• Nausea

If you have a latex allergy, opt for latex-free condoms. Speak to your doctor about any side effects you may need to be aware of.

When to Consult a Doctor

If you’re uncertain which contraceptive method is best for you, consult a doctor or visit a family planning clinic. You may also need follow-up appointments for some contraception types.